CINEMA HISTROY

 

The cinema of India 

The cinema of India consists of films produced in the nation of India.  Cinema is immensely popular in India. Every year more than 1800 films get produced in various languages in India.

[9][10][11] Mumbai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Chennai, Kochi and Bangalore are the major centres of film  production in India. As of 2013, India ranked first in terms of annual film output, followed by Nollywood,[10][12] Hollywood and China.

[13] In 2012, India produced 1,602 feature films.[10] The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $1.86 billion (?93 billion) in 2011. In 2015, India had a total box office gross of US$2.1 billion,[ Mumbai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Chennai, Kochi and Bangalore are the major centres of film  production in India. As of 2013, India ranked first in terms of annual film output, followed by Nollywood,[10][12] Hollywood and China.

[13] In 2012, India produced 1,602 feature films.[10] The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $1.86 billion (?93 billion) in 2011. In 2015, India had a total box office gross of US$2.1 billio 6][14] the third largest in the world. In 2011, Indian cinema sold over 3.5 billion tickets worldwide, 900,000 more than Hollywood.

The overall revenue of Indian cinema reached US$1.3 billion in 2000.[15] The industry is segmented by language. The Hindi language film industry is known as Bollywood, the largest sector, representing 43% of box office revenue. The combined revenue of the Telugu and Tamil film industries represent 36%.[16] The South Indian film industry encompasses five film cultures: Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and Tulu. Another prominent film culture is Bengali cinema, known as Tollywood, which was largely associated with the parallel cinema movement, in contrast to the masala films more prominent in Bollywood and Southern films at the time.

Indian cinema is a global enterprise.[17] Its films have a following throughout Southern Asia and across Europe, North America, Asia, the Greater Middle East, Eastern Africa, China and elsewhere, reaching in over 90 countries.[18] Biopics including Dangal became transnational blockbusters grossing over $300 million worldwide.[19] Millions of Indians overseas watch Indian films, accounting for some 12% of revenues.[20] Music rights alone account for 4–5% of net revenues.[15]

Global enterprises such as Universal Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures[21][22] and Warner Bros. invested in the industry along with Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions, Prasad's Group, Sun Pictures, Geetha Arts, Zee, UTV, Suresh Productions, Eros International, Ayngaran International, Pyramid Saimira, Aascar Films and Adlabs. By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE).[23]

                                         History

The history of cinema in India extends back to the beginning of the film era. Following the screening of the Lumière and Robert Paul moving pictures in London (1896), commercial cinematography became a worldwide sensation and by mid-1896 both Lumière and Robert Paul films had been shown in Bombay.[24]

Silent films (1890s–1920s)

In 1897, a film presentation by Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at Calcutta's Star Theatre. With Stevenson's encouragement and camera Hiralal Sen, an Indian photographer, made a film of scenes from that show, namely The Flower of Persia (1898).[25] The Wrestlers (1899) by H. S. Bhatavdekar, showing a wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay, was the first film to be shot by an Indian and the first Indian documentary film.

The first Indian film released in India was Shree Pundalik, a silent film in Marathi by Dadasaheb Torne on 18 May 1912 at Coronation Cinematograph, Bombay.[26][27] Some have argued that Pundalik was not the first Indian film, because it was a photographic recording of a play, and because the cameraman was a British man named Johnson and the film was processed in London

The first full-length motion picture in India was produced by Dadasaheb Phalke, Phalke is seen as the pioneer of the Indian film industry and a scholar of India's languages and culture. He employed elements from Sanskrit epics to produce his Raja Harishchandra (1913), a silent film in Marathi. The female characters in the film were played by male actors.[34] Only one print of the film was made, for showing at the Coronation Cinematograph on 3 May 1913. It was a commercial success. The first silent film in Tamil, Keechaka Vadham was made by R. Nataraja Mudaliar in 1916.[35]

The first chain of Indian cinemas, Madan Theatre was owned by Parsi entrepreneur Jamshedji Framji Madan, who oversaw production of 10 films annually and distributed them throughout India beginning in 1902.[34] He founded Elphinstone Bioscope Company in Calcutta. Elphinstone merged into Madan Theatres Limited in 1919, which had brought many of Bengal's most popular literary works to the stage. He also produced Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra in 1917, a remake of Phalke's Raja Harishchandra (1913).

Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu from Machilipatnam was an Indian artist and a film pioneer.[36] From 1909, he was involved in many aspects of Indian cinema, travelling across Asia. He was the first to build and own cinemas in Madras. He was credited as the father of Telugu cinema. In South India, the first Telugu and Tamil bilingual talkie Kalidas was released on 31 October 1931.[37] Nataraja Mudaliar established South India's first film studio in Madras.[38]

Film steadily gained popularity across India. Tickets were affordable to the masses (as low as an anna (one-sixteenth of a rupee) in Bombay) with additional comforts available at a higher price.[24]

Young producers began to incorporate elements of Indian social life and culture into cinema, others brought new ideas from across the world. Global audiences and markets soon became aware of India's film industry.[39]

In 1927, the British Government, to promote the market in India for British films over American ones, formed the Indian Cinematograph Enquiry Committee. The ICC consisted of three Brits and three Indians, led by T. Rangachari, a Madras lawyer.[40] This committee failed to support the desired recommendations of supporting British Film, instead recommending support for the fledgling Indian film industry, their suggestions were shelved.

Talkies (1930s–mid-1940s)

Ardeshir Irani released Alam Ara, the first Indian talkie, on 14 March 1931.[34] Irani later produced the first south Indian talkie film Kalidas directed by H. M. Reddy released on 31 October 1931.[41][42] Jumai Shasthi was the first Bengali talkie. Chittor V. Nagaiah, was one of the first multilingual film actor/singer/composer/producer/directors in India. He was known as India's Paul Muni.[43][44]

In 1932, the name "Tollywood" was coined for the Bengali film industry because Tollygunge rhymed with "Hollywood". Tollygunge was then the centre of the Indian film industry. Bombay later overtook Tollygunge as the industry's center, spawning "Bollywood" and many other Hollywood-inspired names.[45]

In 1933, East India Film Company produced its first Telugu film, Savitri. Based on a stage play by Mylavaram Bala Bharathi Samajam, the film was directed by C. Pullaiah with stage actors Vemuri Gaggaiah and Dasari Ramathilakam.[46] The film received an honorary diploma at the 2nd Venice International Film Festival.[47]

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